The promise of nanotechnology in personalized & precision medicine: Nano-driven precision vaccinomics of the future

Biodesigners, biotechnologists and biomanufacturers are beginning to realize the promise of personalized and precision medicine (PPM), translating to direct benefit to patients or persons-at-risk. Both PPM, personalized vaccinomics and nanobiotechnologies are being integrated into a panel of precision tools to manage an array of medical conditions. The next ‘golden age’ in vaccinomics will be ushered in by the new science of vaccinomics, which will inform and allow the development of personalized vaccines, based on our increasing understanding of immune response phenotype: genotype information.

The ideal vaccine would induce a robust immune reaction without serious adverse effects. In this sense, personalized vaccines promise to fulfill those criteria, aided by in-depth genetic studies of variation in immune responses – vaccinomics, which jointly with nanotechnology have revolutionized global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases and cancer in the foreseen future. Nanotechnology is used in vaccinomics in conjunction with advanced tools such as OMICS technologies to achieve more personalized therapeutic strategies. For instance, nanoparticles and nanocarriers have been developed to overcome the limitations of design-driven engineered vaccines and navigate biological barriers - systemic, microenvironmental and cellular - that are heterogeneous across patient populations and diseases. Assuming such barriers can be overcome or minimized, the new systems and synthetic biology, in combination with increasing genotype, phenotype information and low cost, high output genetic screening will inevitably lead toward a more personalized approach to vaccines, just as it has with pharmaceuticals.

Meanwhile, nanovaccines are made up of nanoparticles that are associated with or prepared with components that can stimulate the host's immune system and have the potential to promote rapid as well as long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. The nanovaccines have several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased antigen bioavailability, and a diminished adverse effect profile. For instance, peptide based vaccines (proteomics-driven vaccines) have shown significant promise in certain types of cancer treatment (preventive and prophylactic pre-cancer vaccines), but have had limited success in combating several viral infectious diseases. Vaccines based on peptides appear to hold the possibility of a quick response against sudden outbreaks of viral epidemics and pandemics, both for communities and individuals. But, recent advances in treatment with multiple peptides, new knowledge of their interaction with the immune system and understanding of characteristics of peptides in vivo environment lead us to believe that the prospects of peptide vaccinomics are more promising clinical successes.

While vaccinomics concerns the effectiveness of vaccines, adversomics concerns their side effects. This area has great potential to address public concerns about vaccine safety and to promote increased public confidence, higher vaccination rates, and fewer serious adverse events in genetically predisposed individuals. Moreover, this knowledge gives us the opportunity in the event of viral epidemics to tailor making vaccines for different communities for maximum efficiency and for immunocompromised individuals. The latter means that advancements in nanobiomedicine have played a crucial role in driving the PPM-guided revolution and precision and personalized vaccinomics, in particular. With the ability to engineer and manipulate materials at the nanoscale, biodesigners have been able to develop innovative solutions for diagnostics, drug delivery, and imaging. So, the Grand Change and Challenge to secure our Health and Wellness are rooted not in Medicine, and not even in Science! Just imagine WHERE?! In the upgraded Hi-Tech Culture!

Sergey Suchkov was born in the City of Astrakhan, Russia, in a family of dynasty medical doctors. In 1980, graduated from Astrakhan State Medical University and was awarded with MD. In 1985, Suchkov maintained his PhD as a PhD student of Sechenov University and Institute of Medical En-zymology. In 2001, Suchkov maintained his Doctor Degree at the National Institute of Immunology, Russia. From 1989 through 1995, a Head of the Lab of Clinical Immunology, Helmholtz Eye Re-search Institute in Moscow. From 1995 through 2004 - a Chair of the Dept for Clinical Immunology, Moscow Clinical Research Institute (MONIKI). In 1993-1996. At present, Dr Sergey Suchkov, MD, PhD, is: Vice-Director for Research and Development of the National Center for Human Photosynthesis,    Aguascalientes, México. Member of the New York Academy of Sciences, USA; Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Russia; American Chemical Society (ACS), USA; American Heart Association (AHA), USA; Euro-pean Association for Medical Education (AMEE), Dundee, UK; EPMA (European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine), Brussels, EU; ARVO (American Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology); ISER (International Society for Eye Research); Personalized Medicine Coalition (PMC), Washington, DC, USA.